Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment.
When software allows a user's input to contain code syntax, it might be possible for an attacker to craft the code in such a way that it will alter the intended control flow of the software. Such an alteration could lead to arbitrary code execution.
Prevalência
Alta
Frequentemente explorada
Impacto
Crítico
6 regras de severidade crítica
Prevenção
Documentada
10 exemplos de correção
2 Prevenção
2 Prevenção
Como corrigir esta vulnerabilidade
Estratégias de prevenção para Code Injection baseadas em 10 regras de detecção do Shoulder.
Code Injection via os/exec
CRITICAL
Pass user input as template data, never use template.HTML with unsanitized input
package main import ( "html/template" "net/http" ) func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { userContent := r.FormValue("content") - // Vulnerable: user input cast to template.HTML bypasses escaping - unsafe := template.HTML("<div>" + userContent + "</div>") - tmpl, _ := template.New("page").Parse(`<html>{{.}}</html>`) - tmpl.Execute(w, unsafe) + // Safe: pass as template data, html/template auto-escapes + data := struct{ Content string }{Content: userContent} + tmpl, _ := template.New("page").Parse(`<html><div>{{.Content}}</div></html>`) + tmpl.Execute(w, data) }
LLM Insecure Output Handling
HIGH
Validate and sanitize LLM outputs before using in dangerous operations like exec or SQL
resp, _ := client.CreateChatCompletion(ctx, openai.ChatCompletionRequest{ Messages: []openai.ChatCompletionMessage{{Content: "Generate command for: " + task}}, }) cmd := resp.Choices[0].Message.Content - exec.Command("bash", "-c", cmd).Run() + + validCommands := map[string]bool{"ls": true, "pwd": true, "date": true} + if !validCommands[cmd] { + return fmt.Errorf("invalid command: %s", cmd) + } + exec.Command(cmd).Run()
Server-Side Template Injection
CRITICAL
Use predefined templates and pass user input as template data, never as template code
package main import ( "html/template" "net/http" ) - func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { - tmplStr := r.FormValue("template") - // Vulnerable: user input parsed as template code - tmpl, _ := template.New("page").Parse(tmplStr) - tmpl.Execute(w, nil) + // Safe: template is predefined, not from user input + var pageTmpl = template.Must(template.ParseFiles("templates/page.html")) + + func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) { + name := r.FormValue("name") + // Safe: user input passed as data, not template code + pageTmpl.Execute(w, map[string]string{ + "name": name, + }) }
JavaScript
Ver tudo JavaScript detalhes →
Code Injection via eval() and Function constructor
CRITICAL
Replace eval/Function constructor with safe alternatives like JSON.parse or predefined function maps
const express = require('express'); const app = express(); - app.post('/calculate', (req, res) => { - const expression = req.body.expression; - const result = eval(expression); - res.json({ result }); + const operations = { + add: (a, b) => a + b, + subtract: (a, b) => a - b, + multiply: (a, b) => a * b, + }; + + app.post('/calculate', (req, res) => { + const { op, a, b } = req.body; + const fn = operations[op]; + if (!fn) return res.status(400).json({ error: 'Invalid operation' }); + res.json({ result: fn(Number(a), Number(b)) }); });
TypeScript Unsafe Decorator Usage
HIGH
Use static values for decorator parameters and avoid eval(), global modifications, or user input in decorators
- function DynamicRole(roleExpression: string) { - return function (target: any, key: string, desc: PropertyDescriptor) { - const original = desc.value; - desc.value = function (...args: any[]) { - if (eval(roleExpression)) { - return original.apply(this, args); - } - throw new Error('Unauthorized'); - }; - }; - } - - class AdminController { - @DynamicRole("user.role === 'admin'") + enum Role { Admin = 'admin', User = 'user' } + + function RequireRole(...roles: Role[]) { + return function (target: any, key: string, desc: PropertyDescriptor) { + const original = desc.value; + desc.value = function (...args: any[]) { + if (!roles.includes(this.currentUser?.role)) { + throw new Error('Unauthorized'); + } + return original.apply(this, args); + }; + }; + } + + class AdminController { + @RequireRole(Role.Admin) deleteUser() { /* ... */ } }
Python
Ver tudo Python detalhes →
Code Injection via eval/exec
CRITICAL
Use ast.literal_eval() for safe evaluation or avoid eval/exec entirely
- from flask import request - - @app.route('/calc') - def calculate(): - expression = request.args.get('expr') - result = eval(expression) + import ast + from flask import request, abort + + @app.route('/calc') + def calculate(): + expression = request.args.get('expr', '') + try: + result = ast.literal_eval(expression) + except (ValueError, SyntaxError): + abort(400, 'Invalid expression') return str(result)
Dangerous Function Usage
CRITICAL
Replace eval/exec with ast.literal_eval, JSON parsing, or subprocess with shell=False
- from flask import request - - @app.route('/calculate') - def calculate(): - expr = request.args.get('expr') - result = eval(expr) + import ast + from flask import request + + @app.route('/calculate') + def calculate(): + expr = request.args.get('expr') + result = ast.literal_eval(expr) return {'result': result}
LLM Insecure Output Handling
HIGH
Validate and sanitize LLM outputs with Pydantic before using in dangerous operations like eval, exec, or SQL
- response = openai.chat.completions.create( - model='gpt-4', - messages=[{'role': 'user', 'content': user_request}] - ) - generated_code = response.choices[0].message.content - result = eval(generated_code) + from pydantic import BaseModel, validator + import re + + class ValidatedOutput(BaseModel): + expression: str + + @validator('expression') + def validate_expression(cls, v): + if not re.fullmatch(r'[a-zA-Z0-9\s\+\-\*\/\(\)\.]+', v): + raise ValueError('Invalid expression format') + return v + + response = openai.chat.completions.create( + model='gpt-4', + messages=[{'role': 'user', 'content': user_request}] + ) + validated = ValidatedOutput(expression=response.choices[0].message.content) + result = process_validated_expression(validated.expression)
Práticas-chave
- treated as untrusted input since: - Prompt injection attacks can manipulate AI responses - LLMs can hallucinate and produce unexpected outputs - Model behavior may change between versions Dangerous operations include: - Code execution (eval, Function, vm
- avoided or heavily restricted
- treated as untrusted input since: - Prompt injection attacks can manipulate AI responses - LLMs can hallucinate and produce unexpected outputs - Model behavior may change between versions Dangerous operations include: - Code execution (eval, exec, compile) - Command execution (os
3 Detecção
3 Detecção
Encontre vulnerabilidades no seu código
Use o Shoulder para escanear seu código em busca de padrões Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection'). 10 regras.
# Scan with Shoulder CLI npx @shoulderdev/cli trust --cwe=94 # Or scan entire project npx @shoulderdev/cli trust .
Regras de Detecção (10)
🐍
Python
4 rules
Code Injection via eval/exec
CRITICAL
Detects untrusted user input flowing into code evaluation functions
(eval, exec, compile).
Dangerous Function Usage
CRITICAL
Detects usage of dangerous Python functions that can lead to arbitrary code
execution: eval(), exec(), compile(), __import__() with user input, or
pickle deserialization. These should be avoided or heavily restricted.
LLM Insecure Output Handling
HIGH
Detects LLM/AI outputs being used directly in dangerous operations without proper
validation or sanitization. OWASP LLM02 - Insecure Output Handling.
LLM outputs should be treated as untrusted input since:
- Prompt injection attacks can manipulate AI responses
- LLMs can hallucinate and produce unexpected outputs
- Model behavior may change between versions
Dangerous operations include:
- Code execution (eval, exec, compile)
- Command execution (os.system, subprocess)
- SQL queries (cursor.exe
Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI)
CRITICAL
Detects user input used directly in template rendering, allowing arbitrary
code execution.
🐹
Go
3 rules
Code Injection via os/exec
CRITICAL
Detects user input flowing to template functions that bypass HTML escaping.
LLM Insecure Output Handling
HIGH
Detects LLM outputs used directly in dangerous operations like command execution or SQL queries without validation.
Server-Side Template Injection
CRITICAL
User input passed directly to template.Parse without sanitization.
🔷
Typescript
3 rules
Code Injection via eval() and Function constructor
CRITICAL
Detects user input flowing to code execution functions like eval() or Function constructor.
LLM Insecure Output Handling
HIGH
Detects LLM/AI outputs being used directly in dangerous operations without proper
validation or sanitization. OWASP LLM02 - Insecure Output Handling.
LLM outputs should be treated as untrusted input since:
- Prompt injection attacks can manipulate AI responses
- LLMs can hallucinate and produce unexpected outputs
- Model behavior may change between versions
Dangerous operations include:
- Code execution (eval, Function, vm.runInContext)
- Command execution (exec, spawn, execSync)
- SQL queries
TypeScript Unsafe Decorator Usage
HIGH
Decorators that use eval(), modify global state, or accept user input as parameters
enable code injection, prototype pollution, and authorization bypass.
🟨
Javascript
2 rules
Code Injection via eval() and Function constructor
CRITICAL
Detects user input flowing to code execution functions like eval() or Function constructor.
LLM Insecure Output Handling
HIGH
Detects LLM/AI outputs being used directly in dangerous operations without proper
validation or sanitization. OWASP LLM02 - Insecure Output Handling.
LLM outputs should be treated as untrusted input since:
- Prompt injection attacks can manipulate AI responses
- LLMs can hallucinate and produce unexpected outputs
- Model behavior may change between versions
Dangerous operations include:
- Code execution (eval, Function, vm.runInContext)
- Command execution (exec, spawn, execSync)
- SQL queries
4 Sinais de Alerta
4 Sinais de Alerta
O que observar nas revisões de código
Estes padrões indicam vulnerabilidades potenciais de Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection'). Procure-os durante revisões de código e auditorias de segurança.
LLM output flows to ... without validation
go-llm-insecure-output-handling
LLM outputs used directly in dangerous operations like command execution or SQL queries without vali
go-llm-insecure-output-handling
LLM/AI outputs being used directly in dangerous operations without proper
validation or sanitization
javascript-llm-insecure-output-handling
Decorator '...' executes unsafe code or accesses global state. This can lead to code injection or unauthorized access.
typescript-unsafe-decorator
user input flowing to template functions that bypass HTML escaping
go-code-injection
user input flowing to code execution functions like eval() or Function constructor
javascript-code-injection
untrusted user input flowing into code evaluation functions
(eval, exec, compile)
python-code-injection
usage of dangerous Python functions that can lead to arbitrary code
execution: eval(), exec(), compi
python-dangerous-functions
Escaneie seu código para Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
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