# Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Sent Data (CWE-201)

The product sends data to another actor, but this data contains sensitive information that should not be accessible to that actor.

**Stack:** Python

- Prevalence: Mittel 3 Sprachen abgedeckt
- Impact: Kritisch 3 Regeln mit kritischem Schweregrad
- Prevention: Dokumentiert 3 Fix-Beispiele

**OWASP:** Broken Access Control (A01:2021-Broken Access Control) - #1

## Description

An attacker may be able to intercept or receive data that contains sensitive information, such as credentials, tokens, or internal system details, that were not intended for them.

## Prevention

Präventionsstrategien für Insertion of Sensitive Information basierend auf 1 Shoulder-Erkennungsregeln.

### Python

Validate webhook URLs against a domain allowlist and never send internal API keys

## Warning Signs

- [CRITICAL] when internal credentials (API keys, secrets, tokens) are sent in HTTP requests
to user-controlled e

## Consequences

- Anwendungsdaten lesen
- Privilegien erlangen

## Mitigations

- Prüfe alle an externe Akteure gesendeten Daten auf vertrauliche Informationen
- Datenklassifizierung einführen und sicherstellen, dass vertrauliche Daten angemessen geschützt sind
- Sichere Kanäle zur Übertragung sensibler Informationen verwenden

## Detection

- Total rules: 3
- Critical: 3
- Languages: go, javascript, typescript, python

## Rules by Language

### Python (1 rules)

- **Credential Exfiltration via User-Controlled Endpoint** [CRITICAL]: Detects when internal credentials (API keys, secrets, tokens) are sent in HTTP requests
to user-controlled endpoints. This allows attackers to exfiltrate server credentials
by providing a malicious webhook URL that captures the sensitive headers or body data.

Example vulnerable pattern:
```python
# User controls 'endpoint' from request
endpoint = request.form.get('webhook_url')

# Server sends its internal API key to attacker-controlled URL
requests.post(endpoint, headers={'X-API-Key': os.envir
  - Remediation: 1. Never send internal credentials to user-controlled endpoints
2. Validate webhook URLs against a strict allowlist of trusted domains
3. Use webhook secrets for authentication instead of sending API keys

```python
from urllib.parse import urlparse

ALLOWED_WEBHOOK_DOMAINS = {'api.slack.com', 'hooks.stripe.com'}

def send_webhook(webhook_url, data):
    parsed = urlparse(webhook_url)
    if parsed.hostname not in ALLOWED_WEBHOOK_DOMAINS:
        raise ValueError('Untrusted webhook domain')

    # Use webhook-specific secret, not internal API key
    requests.post(webhook_url, json=data,
                  headers={'X-Webhook-Secret': user_webhook_secret})
```

Learn more: https://shoulder.dev/learn/python/cwe-201/credential-exfiltration